CHRISTIAN MATTHIAS THEODOR MOMMSEN
1817–1903, German historian. Appointed (1848) professor of civil law at the Univ. of Leipzig, he supported the Revolution of 1848 and lost his chair because of his political opinions. He subsequently taught Roman law at Zurich and Breslau and, from 1858, ancient history at the Univ. of Berlin. After the unification (1870) of Germany he came to publicly oppose the policies of Bismarck. His greatest work is his History of Rome (3 vol., 1854–56; several English translations), a classic of historical writing.
The fourth volume was never completed, but the fifth appeared in 1885. Mommsen’s work, an unmatched re-creation of Roman society and culture, is based largely on his study of ancient coins, inscriptions, and literature. His liberal politics prejudiced his view of ancient history; his German contemporaries are clearly visible on his Roman scene. Although a great admirer of Caesar, he vigorously denounced Caesarism. Mommsen also wrote authoritatively on Roman law, notably in Romisches Staatsrecht (3 vol., 1871–76) and Romisches Strafrecht (1899), and on archaeology. He edited several volumes of the Monumenta Germaniae historica. Mommsen received the 1902 Nobel Prize in Literature.

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Anders sterling. During 1940-1942 no Physics, Chemistry or Medicine Prizes were awarded, during 1940-1943 no Literature Prizes, and during 1939-1943 no Peace Prizes. After almost a hundred years of existence, the Nobel Prizes - as well as the centenarian Nobel Foundation - have become solid institutions, based on a great tradition since their beginning. The original criticisms aimed at the whole idea of the Nobel Prizes have faded into oblivion. Both in Sweden and in Norway, the awarding 1901 in promoting science and international understanding." On November 10, 1985, the Inamori Foundation in Kyoto awarded its first Kyoto Prize of JPY 45 million to the Nobel Foundation "with the aim of promoting science, technology and the arts in the spirit of the Nobel Prize." The two Japanese prizes were mentioned above. On April 20, 1985, the Science and Technology Foundation of Japan established the Japan Prize. At the first award ceremony, a special prize of JPY 50 million was awarded to the Nobel Foundation "in recognition of the role the Nobel Foundation has played since The opening exhibitions include a video installation called "The Triptych of Hope", a photo exhibition on "Control Arms" by Amnesty International in addition to a film theater, high tech presentations of the laureates and information about Alfred Nobel. in an amphitheatrical grouping. An effort was made by various means to highlight the simplicity of the room and to emphasize the academic nature of the festivities. During its first year, Nobel Media worked on the TV rights of already well known Nobel programmes such as the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony and Banquet, Nobel Minds, documentaries and portraits of the Nobel Laureates. Until 1960 the Chairman was chosen from the small group of "Gentlemen of the Realm" - prime ministers, ministers for foreign affairs and other high officials. In 1960 for the first time, a renowned scientist was chosen: Arne Tiselius, Professor of Biochemistry at Uppsala University and 1948 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry. By 1991, the Foundation had restored the Nobel Prizes to their 1901 real value. Today the nominal fund capital of the Nobel Foundation is about SEK 4 billion. In 2000 each of the five Nobel Prizes as well as the Economics Prize was worth SEK 9 million (about USD 1 million). This is well above the nominal value Since then the Chairman has been chosen from among members of the Prize-Awarding Institutions. It has also become a rule that the Deputy Chairman as well as one of the members of the Board elected by the Trustees should be persons with financial expertise. This custom began in 1951, when senior banker and industrialist off in Sweden and in Norway, except for a ceremony in 1917 at the Norwegian Nobel Institute in the presence of King Haakon to announce that the International Red Cross had been awarded the Peace Prize. Director, would be determined by the Foundation's Board instead of the Swedish Government. Also in 1972 the Foundation received a donation from the Italian marquis Luigi de Beaumont Bonelli, who bequeathed his two wine-growing estates outside Taranto, southern Italy, to the Nobel Foundation. The properties were worth SEK 4.5 million. Their sale made possible the establishment of an annual Nobel Media has also selected IMG (International Management Group) and TWI as its international partners, working primarily with sponsorships and distribution of the programmes to international channels. Then, in 1953, the Government approved a radical liberalization of the investment rules. The Foundation was granted a more extensive freedom to manage its capital independently, as well as the opportunity to invest in stocks and real estate. Freedom of investment, coupled with tax-exemption and the financial Otto Stern (1943) and Isidor Isaac Rabi (1944) - and four Laureates in Physiology or Medicine - Henrik Dam and Edward Doisy (1943), and Joseph Erlanger and Herbert S. Gasser (1944). Speeches by Sweden's Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf and by Professor The Svedberg were broadcast on American radio the same day. The 1943 Laureate space the Nobel Banquet was moved from the Golden Hall to the larger Blue Hall of the City Hall, which today accommodates some 1,300 guests. The Blue Hall had only been used for the Banquet once before, in 1950, when the Nobel Foundation celebrated its 50th anniversary with approximately 32 pre-1950 Laureates participating. attractive idea - and they limited their involvement to work as Trustees and auditors. In light of this, it is interesting to note that Henrik Santesson, the first Executive Director of the Foundation, also happened to be the legal counsel of the Storting in Sweden. But in 1986, paragraph 14 of the Statutes was expertise of the Board, led to a transformation from passive to active management. This can be regarded as a landmark change in the role of the Foundation's Board. During the 1960s and 1970s, the value of the Nobel Prizes multiplied in Swedish krona terms but rapid inflation meanwhile undermined their real value,